assets/euro-v1/)This page documents the 16 multi-panel historical maps, quantitative charts, and institutional matrices created for the Practice Dojo AP European History course (Units 1–9), including cartographic provenance and SHA-256 integrity checksums.
e101-printing-press-diffusion-map-r2.svg — Unit 1, Topic 1.4 (Printing)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a coastline-only map of the first known printing in Mainz (1450s) and eleven other European towns through Lisbon (1489), and a to-scale bar chart of estimated printed-book output per half-century, 1454–1600.
Caption: The spread of movable-type printing across Europe (1450s–1489) and estimated printed-book output, 1454–1600.
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo. Panel A dates of first printing are as compiled in Wikipedia, “Global spread of the printing press”; the count of about 236 towns with presses by 1500 is Fernand Braudel’s (The Structures of Everyday Life, 1981). Panel B values (12.6, 79.0 and 138.4 million books for 1454–1500, 1501–1550 and 1551–1600) are sums of the country series in Eltjo Buringh and Jan Luiten van Zanden, “Charting the ‘Rise of the West’,” Journal of Economic History 69 (2009), as published by Our World in Data; the authors describe them as low estimates. The 15th-century manuscript total (about 5 million) is from the same study. Coastlines only, from public-domain Natural Earth 1:50m data; no period borders are drawn. Revision r2 removes modern country shading, corrects the book-output bars and their uneven axis, and removes the unsourced “>80%” cost figure. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: ec10cef5d5ceece33b95a0a067b737e07beb08a4f865c6b4fb0ba2e24a728951
e102-columbian-exchange-price-revolution-r2.svg — Unit 1, Topic 1.8 (Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a simplified Atlantic map of Columbian Exchange flows with the 1494 Tordesillas line through eastern Brazil, and a chart of American silver registered at Seville per decade (1501–1650) with Hamilton’s Spanish price index.
Caption: Atlantic exchanges after 1492 and the Tordesillas line (Panel A), and American silver registered at Seville compared with a Spanish price index, 1501–1650 (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo. Panel B silver bars: Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650 (1934), decade totals in kilograms; the 1601–1660 decades as reproduced by C. Marsilio (ISEG working paper 54, 2015), the 1531–1570 decades as annual means given by John Munro (University of Toronto working paper 99-02), and the 1591–1600 peak (about 2,708 tonnes) and 16,887-tonne total as reported by the MoneyMuseum. Registered imports only; smuggled silver is not counted. Price dots: Hamilton’s silver-based Spanish price index (1501–10 = 100), five-year means for 1511–15, 1521–25, 1526–30, 1531–35, 1596–1600 and 1646–50, as reported by Munro (working paper 99-02 and his EH.Net review). Panel A: Tordesillas line at about 46°W (contemporary placements range from about 42°30′W to 47°37′W). Coastlines only, from public-domain Natural Earth 1:50m data; no period borders are drawn. Revision r2 moves the Tordesillas line from mid-Atlantic to eastern Brazil, removes modern borders, redraws the silver bars to scale with an axis, and replaces the unsourced “European grain price index (450% rise)” line. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 96c4f1cb7ba888dfd68820ab962cdeca80a7ca972af5c7e0c1487129aa342894
e103-confessional-europe-1560-map-r2.svg — Unit 2, Topic 2.3 (Protestant Reform Continues)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a simplified schematic map with dots for the official church of selected states and cities around 1560 (no borders drawn), and a table comparing Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist and Anabaptist teaching and church–state views.
Caption: Official churches of selected European states and cities around 1560, simplified (Panel A), and four sixteenth-century traditions compared (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo; a simplified summary, not a primary source. Content checked against Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History (2003), the Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and the Peace of Augsburg (1555). Coastlines only, from public-domain Natural Earth 1:50m data; no period borders are drawn. Revision r2 replaces modern-border shading (which showed all German lands Lutheran, France wholly Catholic and Scotland Anglican) with dots: Bavaria and Austria Catholic, Scotland Reformed (1560), France Catholic with a Huguenot minority, Bohemia and Hungary divided. Panel B now gives Calvin’s teaching of Christ’s spiritual presence in the Lord’s Supper (not a “symbolic” supper) and Luther’s real presence. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 371dc56ed026917ea6d715bb935df85825d9f03df8fa482b4456e2b2038cd24b
e104-thirty-years-war-westphalia-r2.svg — Unit 2, Topic 2.4 (Wars of Religion)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a to-scale bar chart comparing older and modern estimates of population loss in the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years’ War, and a summary of the war’s four phases and five main terms of the Peace of Westphalia.
Caption: Estimates of population loss in the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years’ War (Panel A) and the phases of the war and terms of the Peace of Westphalia (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo. Modern estimate: Peter H. Wilson, “The Thirty Years War” (Gresham College lecture, 2018: at least 5 million dead, about a fifth of the population) and Europe’s Tragedy (2009); Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Germany: The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia” (15–20 percent overall; more than 50 percent in Württemberg). Older estimate: Günther Franz, Der Dreissigjährige Krieg und das deutsche Volk (1940), about 40 percent rural and 33 percent urban loss, as quoted in Quentin Outram, Medical History 45 (2001). Treaty terms: Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück (1648); Münster text from the Avalon Project (alliances, Art. LXV; Swiss cantons, Art. LXIII; Alsace, Art. LXXIV). Revision r2 replaces the unsourced regional percentages, credits the one-third figure to Franz rather than Wilson, and corrects the claim that Westphalia made the princes sovereign. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 0b432884159270c53c14cbc4ca669a735dd39b56d51031f9497483c265dbde32
e105-absolutism-vs-constitutionalism-model-r2.svg — Unit 3, Topic 3.8 (Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism)Exhibit Summary: Simplified two-panel comparison diagram of royal absolutism (France under Louis XIV and Russia under Peter I) and constitutional monarchy (England after 1689, with the Dutch Republic).
Caption: State-building models, 1648–1750: royal absolutism in France and Russia (Panel A) and constitutional government in England after 1689 and the Dutch Republic (Panel B).
Sources & License: Diagram made by Practice Dojo; it is a simplified summary, not a primary source, and contains no map data. It draws on the English Bill of Rights (1689), Peter I's Table of Ranks (1722), and John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (1989). The army figure (over 300,000 French troops at the 1690s wartime peak) and the British borrowing rate (about 3–4% by the mid-1700s, roughly half France's) are approximate figures from standard accounts. Revision r2 corrects "non-noble intendants" (intendants were mostly robe nobles). Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 1e5362f965b830a6572889b2407561edf3dbb8c104f17c1c3892086c6d0acc2f
e106-dutch-golden-age-mercantilism-r2.svg — Unit 3, Topic 3.5 (The Dutch Golden Age)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a to-scale bar chart of estimated European merchant fleet carrying capacity in 1670, and a summary of mercantilist ideas, Anglo-Dutch rivalry and Dutch art patronage.
Caption: Estimated carrying capacity of European merchant fleets in 1670 (Panel A) and mercantilist economic policies and Anglo-Dutch rivalry (Panel B).
Sources & License: Panel A data (thousand metric tons, 1670: Netherlands 568, Britain 260, Italy/Portugal/Spain combined 250, Germany 104, France 80; no 1670 figure for Scandinavia) are Angus Maddison's estimates in The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (OECD Development Centre, 2001), p. 77, as reproduced in S. Broadberry and R. Zhai, "Innovation and the Great Divergence," Oxford Economic and Social History Working Paper 221 (2025), Table 7. The "about 45%" Dutch share is computed by Practice Dojo from the five fleets shown. Panel B is a Practice Dojo summary of standard accounts, including Jan de Vries and Ad van der Woude, The First Modern Economy (1997). Contains no map data. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: bfeb9e05c50fbbc823ae0d704955ec950baa2e3a6b853c8946ba762363f6fbc9
e107-scientific-revolution-cosmology-empiricism-r3.svg — Unit 4, Topic 4.2 (The Scientific Revolution)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel summary diagram comparing the Ptolemaic and Copernican-Keplerian-Newtonian models of the universe (schematic, not to scale), and Baconian empiricism with Cartesian rationalism, plus scientific academies, women in science and the persistence of traditional beliefs.
Caption: The Scientific Revolution, 1543 to 1687: a new model of the universe (Panel A) and new methods for gaining knowledge (Panel B).
Sources & License: Diagram made by Practice Dojo to summarize standard accounts; it is not a primary source and contains no map data. Works and dates named: Copernicus, On the Revolutions (1543); Vesalius, On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543); Kepler (1609, 1619); Galileo, Starry Messenger (1610); Harvey (1628); Bacon, Novum Organum (1620); Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637); Philosophical Transactions (1665); Newton, Principia (1687). Witch-trial chronology (peak c. 1560–1630, fading after 1650, largely ended in the 1700s) follows standard surveys. Revision r3 fixes the orbit geometry (both orbits now share the Sun as a focus) and corrects the academy and witch-trial notes. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 8545e6985d20f98481adc7cc4e7ace35f05910dae4e7bcf4f08b16b8811e329c
e109-french-three-estates-tax-burden-r1.svg — Unit 5, Topic 5.4 (The French Revolution)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit. Panel A shows the Three Estates in 1789 with three bars drawn to scale (share of population, share of land owned, and who paid the taille and royal corvée) and a box on divisions within the Third Estate. Panel B summarizes four phases of the French Revolution, 1789–1815.
Caption: Social, land, and tax inequality across the Three Estates in 1789 (Panel A) and phases of the French Revolution (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo; it is a summary, not a primary source, and contains no map data. Panel A percentages are rounded estimates, and historians' figures vary. Population shares (clergy about 0.5%, nobles about 1.5% of 27–28 million) and land shares (Church about one-tenth, nobles about one-fifth) follow Harrison W. Mark, “The Three Estates of Pre-Revolutionary France,” World History Encyclopedia (2022); the remaining share (about 70%) belonged to other owners, mostly commoners. The bread-price rise of 1788–1789 (nearly double) and the Terror's toll (about 17,000 official executions, perhaps 40,000 deaths in all) are commonly cited estimates. Revision r1 draws the bars to scale, revises the nobles' land share to about 20%, notes that some commoners were also exempt from the taille, and removes the incorrect "Natural Earth" credit. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: e40c827c0607af5582350bf2d66c228cc5cb1762f36d674dbdcfccc1567d9b9d
e111-industrial-revolution-coal-rail-chart-r1.svg — Unit 6, Topic 6.1 (Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit. Panel A is a line graph of pig iron output in Great Britain, Germany, France, and Russia at 1830, 1850, 1880, and 1910, in million metric tons. Panel B compares the first and second waves of industrialization and lists British reform laws of the 1830s and 1840s.
Caption: Pig iron output in four European countries, 1830 to 1910 (Panel A), with a summary of the two waves of industrialization (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo; it is not a primary source and contains no map data. Panel A plots rounded pig iron figures (Britain 0.7, 2.3, 7.8, 10.2; Germany 0.1, 0.2, 2.5, 14.8; France 0.3, 0.4, 1.7, 4.0; Russia 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 3.0 million tons) from B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750–1975; the 1880 and 1910 values agree with the Board of Trade figures given in the House of Commons on May 25, 1911. Lines between the four dates are straight joins, not yearly data. Revision r1 relabels the chart as pig iron (not "iron & steel"), draws both axes to scale, removes the "Natural Earth" credit, removes text that stated answers (the "Why Britain led / Germany surged" box and the "Eastern/Southern lag" bullet), moves the telegraph out of the second wave, and separates Corn Law repeal from the factory reforms. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 099efff8283bdc495398e92ee882f734723c7f2541916301d347cf771249f6df
e112-revolutions-of-1848-ideologies-r1.svg — Unit 6, Topic 6.6 (Reactions and Revolutions)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit. Panel A is a simplified coastline map of Europe, with no borders drawn, marking revolts of 1848–1849 at Paris, Frankfurt, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Milan, Venice, Rome, and Palermo, and marking London and Moscow where no revolution occurred. Panel B summarizes five 19th-century ideologies and three reasons the revolutions collapsed.
Caption: Centers of the revolutions of 1848 (Panel A) and nineteenth-century ideologies and reasons the revolutions collapsed (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo to summarize standard accounts of 1848 (for example Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851); it is not a primary source. Coastlines derived from public-domain Natural Earth 1:50m data; the map deliberately shows no political borders, because present-day borders would misrepresent 1848, and city positions are approximate. Revision r1 removes the present-day borders and country shading, gives Prague, Venice, and Palermo their own markers, and clarifies the radicalism entry. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 7aebad6e3ffcf97733cd477bce5b6c8fcbf7a0bea03f5a1c9638458165d23d33
e113-italian-german-unification-realpolitik-r1.svg — Unit 7, Topic 7.3 (National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel summary exhibit: a dated timeline of the territorial steps in Italian (1859–1870) and German (1864–1871) unification (Panel A), and the strategies of Cavour, Garibaldi, and Bismarck (Panel B).
Caption: Steps in the territorial unification of Italy and Germany, 1859 to 1871 (Panel A), and the strategies of Cavour, Garibaldi, and Bismarck (Panel B).
Sources & License: Exhibit made by Practice Dojo; it is a simplified summary of standard accounts of Italian and German unification, not a primary source, and contains no map data or direct quotations. Revision r1 replaces the earlier map panel, which drew the 1871 German Empire on modern German borders and placed Alsace-Lorraine inside France, with a dated timeline (including the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt, which ceded Alsace and part of Lorraine to Germany). It also dates the Plombières agreement to 1858 and notes that Prussia and Austria took Schleswig and Holstein jointly in 1864. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: ccf2f947a45313b356038d79ca9a2b2e3a81d37659c68d7aafcd8a2666b6d41f
e114-new-imperialism-partition-of-africa-map-r1.svg — Unit 7, Topic 7.6 (New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a simplified map of European colonial control of Africa in 1914, colored by colonial power (Panel A), and the technologies, motives, and resistance of New Imperialism (Panel B).
Caption: European colonial claims in Africa by 1914 (Panel A) and the technology, motives, and resistance of New Imperialism (Panel B). The map is a simplified Practice Dojo drawing on modern country outlines.
Sources & License: Map drawn by Practice Dojo on public-domain Natural Earth country outlines. It is a simplified schematic: modern borders largely follow colonial-era ones, but in 1914 German Kamerun also held strips of today's Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, and Chad (ceded by France in 1911), German Togoland included part of today's eastern Ghana, Jubaland (now southern Somalia) was British, and Spain held zones in northern and southern Morocco; these differences are not drawn. Egypt is shown as British (occupied from 1882; British protectorate declared December 1914), and Sudan as the Anglo-Egyptian condominium. Panel B is a Practice Dojo summary drawing on Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (1981). Revision r1 colors every territory by its 1914 ruler (r0 left Mauritania, Guinea, French Equatorial Africa, Togo, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea, Western Sahara, and others unshaded and showed Italian territory in a color missing from the legend), adds Italian and Spanish legend entries, removes modern internal borders between territories of the same power, and replaces the 1857 Indian rebellion, which predates New Imperialism, with the Herero and Nama war against German rule (1904–1908). Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: cbf3d6d55d5f7c81d4aa78eeeb011b832ba9f3b521f77f1b42c2334e6f32e255
e115-wwi-mobilization-versailles-map-r1.svg — Unit 8, Topic 8.4 (Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a table of the new states of Central and Eastern Europe, 1917–1921 (date of independence, the empire their land mainly came from, and the treaties that set their borders), and a to-scale bar chart of World War I troops mobilized and military deaths with notes on the 1919 Paris peace settlement. This revision replaces an earlier map that used modern borders.
Caption: New states in Central and Eastern Europe, 1917–1921 (Panel A), and World War I mobilization, military deaths, and the 1919 Paris peace settlement (Panel B).
Sources: Panel A is a Practice Dojo summary of the declarations of independence and the treaties named (Versailles, Saint-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, and the 1920–1921 treaties of Tartu, Moscow and Riga with Soviet Russia). Panel B: troops mobilized and military deaths ("killed and died") from U.S. War Department figures (February 1924) as tabulated in Encyclopaedia Britannica, "World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing"; these are estimates and other sources give different totals. Treaty terms from the Treaty of Versailles (1919): Articles 42–44 (Rhineland), 51 (Alsace-Lorraine), 231 (war guilt) and 233 (a Reparation Commission to fix the total later); the 132 billion gold mark reparations total is from the London Schedule of Payments (May 1921), not the treaty itself. Original Practice Dojo exhibit, released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 4ce7168a9241b31375e0b499950db2d3c55bf20f10196e941d773a243b207354
e116-interwar-depression-totalitarian-regimes-r1.svg — Unit 8, Topic 8.6 (Fascism and Totalitarianism)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a time-scaled line graph and data table of the German unemployment rate (yearly averages, 1924–1932) and the Nazi share of the vote in the Reichstag elections of December 1924, May 1928, September 1930 and July 1932, alongside a comparative matrix of Stalinist USSR, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
Caption: German unemployment vs. Nazi vote share, 1924–1932 (Panel A), and comparative matrix of interwar totalitarian regimes (Panel B).
Sources: Unemployment rates (yearly averages, % of the workforce) from Dietmar Petzina, Werner Abelshauser and Anselm Faust, Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch III: Materialien zur Statistik des Deutschen Reiches 1914–1945 (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1978), p. 119, as reproduced by gewerkschaftsgeschichte.de. The 1932 average of about 5.6 million registered unemployed is from the Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich (1939/40), as cited by the Deutsches Historisches Museum (LeMO). Vote shares are the official Reichstag election results (December 1924 for the National Socialist Freedom Movement, while the NSDAP was banned). Panel B is a Practice Dojo summary of standard textbook content. Original Practice Dojo exhibit, released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: 8ffdc69406eeafdc6ff90fa28f9b64c44d312ffa1928803dd08b0ba57d780f3c
e117-cold-war-iron-curtain-map-r2.svg — Unit 9, Topic 9.3 (The Cold War)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a simplified map of Cold War alliances in Europe, 1955–1989 (NATO, the Warsaw Pact, neutral states and nonaligned Yugoslavia, with East and West Germany, West Berlin and the Iron Curtain), and a to-scale line graph of GDP per person in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the USSR in 1950, 1973 and 1989.
Caption: Cold War Europe, 1955–1989: NATO, the Warsaw Pact and neutral or nonaligned states (Panel A, simplified map) and GDP per person in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the USSR, 1950–1989 (Panel B).
Sources & License: Panel A is a simplified Practice Dojo map drawn on public-domain Natural Earth 1:50m country and 1:10m German state boundaries, regrouped to show Cold War borders: East and West Germany (the former inner German border), Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and the USSR. Alliance membership: NATO founding members (1949), Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982); Warsaw Pact (1955), with Albania leaving in 1968; Austria neutral from 1955. Iceland (NATO) lies off the map. Panel B data are Angus Maddison's estimates in 1990 international (Geary-Khamis PPP) dollars from Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD (Oxford University Press, 2007), Table A.7: West European average 4,578 / 11,417 / 15,800; former USSR 2,841 / 6,059 / 7,112; Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia) 2,111 / 4,988 / 5,905, for 1950 / 1973 / 1989. Revision r2 replaces a map that showed no East Germany, ran the Iron Curtain through West Germany and Austria, and mislabeled Berlin, and replaces unsourced approximate GDP figures. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: dd0002cf513231e87baf0c0b2427269b40fd7e216aea0ffcf13fe2b9374fb846
e118-european-integration-enlargement-timeline-r3.svg — Unit 9, Topic 9.10 (The European Union)Exhibit Summary: Two-panel exhibit: a simplified map of when today's EU members joined (the founding Inner Six, East Germany through reunification in 1990, the 1973–1995 and 2004–2013 enlargements, and the United Kingdom, 1973–2020), and four milestone boxes from the Schuman Plan to Brexit.
Caption: European integration, 1950–2020: when today’s member states joined (Panel A) and milestones of deepening and sovereignty debates (Panel B).
Sources & License: Panel A is a simplified Practice Dojo map drawn on public-domain Natural Earth 1:50m country and 1:10m German state boundaries (present-day borders, with the former inner German border); Malta and Cyprus (both 2004) lie off the map. Membership years follow the European Union's official list of member countries (european-union.europa.eu). Panel B is a Practice Dojo summary of the Schuman Declaration (1950), the Treaty of Paris (1951), the Treaty of Rome (1957), the Maastricht Treaty (1992) and standard accounts such as Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. Revision r3 removes Norway, which was wrongly shaded as a member; shows East Germany as joining in 1990 rather than as a founding member; dates the Schuman Plan to 1950; and labels the 2004–2013 group "mostly post-communist," since Cyprus and Malta were never communist. Released under CC0 / Public Domain for educational classroom use.
SHA-256 Checksum: af14b028b083f9bb1d9262fb4e7ce88e1884200976a7cdbbbbdfbb2f1b61fea2